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（Dr. Dipak Viradia, 2024) COPD pathological change

Available at: Dr Dipak Viradia – Doctor Dipak Viradia Care

COPD Overview

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition that obstructs airflow, making breathing increasingly difficult. It encompasses diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke and air pollution.

Symptoms:

  • Chronic Cough: Often the first symptom, it may produce mucus (sputum) and is typically more severe in the mornings.

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  • Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath): Initially occurs during physical exertion but can progress to breathlessness at rest as the disease advances.

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  • Wheezing and Chest Tightness: Due to narrowed airways and increased effort required for breathing.

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  • Frequent Respiratory Infections: Individuals with COPD are more susceptible to colds, flu, and pneumonia.

Pathophysiology:

COPD involves chronic inflammation leading to structural changes in the lungs:

  • Emphysema: Destruction of the alveoli (air sacs), resulting in reduced surface area for gas exchange.

  • Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to increased mucus production and airway obstruction.

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These changes cause airflow limitation, air trapping, and impaired gas exchange, leading to the characteristic symptoms of COPD.

Diagnosis:

Early diagnosis is crucial for effective management. Healthcare providers use a combination of patient history, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests:

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  • Spirometry: A pulmonary function test that measures the amount of air a person can inhale and exhale, and how quickly air can be exhaled.

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  • Imaging Tests: Chest X-rays or CT scans to visualize lung structure and detect emphysema or other abnormalities.

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  • Arterial Blood Gas Analysis: Assesses oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood to evaluate gas exchange efficiency

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